The papyri of architecture in ancient Egypt

Rend papyrus (about half a meter in length) presents a set of practical issues in construction and management. It consists of 84 issues related to mathematical equations with their solutions and calculations of geometric shapes. It was attributed to its discoverer, the world Rand Rhind, and the writer of the papyrus states that he copied it from an older document dating back to To the era of the Twelfth Dynasty (1991 - 1786 BC)

The Moscow Mathematical Papyrus (the Golenishkiv Mathematical Papyrus after its first owner, the Russian Egyptologist Vladimir Golynchev, who bought it in 1882 from Thebes) is now in the Moscow Museum. It dates back to the Twelfth Dynasty, about 1850 and is 18 feet long and 1.5-3 inches wide and contains 25 mathematical problems with their solutions, such as calculating the hemisphere and the volume of the missing pyramid. A first-class athlete, what is known as Baku exercises, and others.

Architecture in ancient Egypt and the secret of building granite obelisks

The granite obelisks was another evidence of the elegance of architecture, some of which exceeded a thousand tons. As the English archaeologist William Matthews Flinders Petrie says, their engineering prowess was indescribable.

Characteristics of Egyptian architecture at the Pharaohs

It combined luxury, simplicity, awe, beauty, and engineering precision in one building.

In the temples, they dealt with geometry capable of providing natural lighting by raising the middle columns and lowering the side columns.

It controlled the architecture (the building unit), and the reason for this is the type of bricks used in construction, where the length of each brick is twice its width. They created high support walls with arched courses in order to avoid the building's sinking and possible cracks and cracks.

The great temples were built especially in proportion to their prestige and reverence. The lighting in them was designed in a diminishing manner as we entered the depth of the temple towards the Chamber of the Holy of Holies.

Urban Planning and Urban Geography in the Civilization of Ancient Egypt

The cities of ancient Egypt that were built in the third millennium BC hailed the order of Pharaoh, and their planning took into account the housing of craftsmen, artisans, builders, and enslaved people in shops adjacent to construction areas, especially when building royal tombs. As for the layout of the buildings. Egypt has four urban patterns (large villages, small shops and centers, big shops, and the city). These patterns are divided according to the jobs that dominate the places, such as agricultural, religious, or craft jobs.

Architecture and the construction of pharaonic temples in ancient Egypt

The temple was the foundation of the city. So planning to build temples was the basis for building cities, and it was clearer than planning to build houses.

Many cities were associated with funeral aspects, as we know. And the cities sometimes depended on some temples and used to serve them.

He recommended at least twelve cities to be a funeral endowment for this purpose. Which, of course, was degraded according to the purpose for which it stood, and the uses that serve religious purposes were manifested in the use of the land.

The building material for the houses was silt with mortar, and the walls were painted with mud or a mixture of silt and limestone. Wood was used in some parts of the building, and when wood was available, the surfaces would be straightened. There were milk vaults in the form of semi-circles.

Architecture and the secrets of building the pyramids in ancient Egypt

These pyramids were once lit up around them with their cladding of bright white limestone, and the grandiose temples were fully built. Its halls echoed the chants and prayers chanted by the priests. They were surrounded by reverence as they walked side by side in white clothes. Offerings and flowers covered the altars, and the fragrance of incense increased the sanctity of the atmosphere around the place.

The secrets of architecture in ancient Egypt in building houses

Old country houses

The house in the era of the Old Kingdom consisted of:

1. Two successive halls or a courtyard followed by a hall, and the courtyard is open from the top

2. Accessory silos (cylindrical or arched)

3. Ceilings of palm trunks, rarely stone vaulted

4. Few or no windows

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The house in the era of the Middle Kingdom consists of:

1. Small courtyard with one, two, or three halls; some halls are vaulted

2. The walled gardens, with a water basin in the middle, surrounded by sycamore trees

3. The houses of the provincial governors are in the form of a three-story tower with a staircase.

4. Windows are fitted with bars

5. Home Supplements

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The house in the era of the modern state will consist of:

1. Wooden single or double doors or brass.

2. Wet basements or basements.

3. One floor wide space.

4. Accessories such as the barn and warehouses.

5. The servants' quarters

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Please find out more about these wonderful tours

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Full-day Tour Dendera and Abydos from Luxor

DURATION: 12 hours

Departing from your residence in Luxor, we will head to explored temple complexes in Abydos and Dendera in an air-conditioned vehicle accompanied by a professional tour guide. We will stop by Dendera sacred temple of Goddess Hathour , explore the zodiac, pass by the Holy Lake, as well as other temples and shrines. At Abydos the Temple of King Seti I, you will be amazed by pharaonic writings which are dedicated to worship the god Osiris.

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Full-day Tour to Pyramids of Giza, Sphinx, Saqqara

DURATION: 7 hours

The ancient Egyptians are a world full of secrets which you will explore in this full day tour. Witness the glory of the great Pyramids of Giza, the Sphinx and the Saqqara complex and and the Step pyramid— The pyramid of Djoser. Live unforgettable moments discovering the greatest architectural secrets of the ancient Egyptian engineers at the Valley Temple. Enrich your knowledge when visiting the Grand Egyptian Museum.

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Full-day Tour in Luxor

DURATION: 8 hours

Explore Awe-inspiring historical sights of the ancient Luxor, the city of thousands of gates on the banks of the Nile. You will visit the Valley of the Kings and its most famous Temple of Hatshepsut (Deir al-Bahari), pass by the Colossi of Mennon and Abdi Karnak temple complex. The locations of these historical landmarks ensures that possibility of exploring them even for a limited amount of time, where you will be captivated by the wide range of designs from private tomb artworks to majestic royal temples.

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Author Ahmed Shaban, Egyptologist

Architecture in ancient Egypt

Author
Ahmed Shaban, Egyptologist